<p>The Merse is an Italian river, a right tributary of the Ombrone. It runs through Tuscany for a distance of about 70 km and is the river of the Val di Merse.</p><br>
<p>Its sources are near Poggio Croce di Prata and Poggio di Montieri in the range of hills known as the Colline Metallifere. From here it takes a north-easterly direction for the first half of its course before turning sharply to the south-east. At Pontiella it receives from the right the waters of the Farma, a torrent born at Torniella, again in the Colline Metallifere). After a few kilometres the Merse enters the Ombrone at Pian di Rocca which lies half-way between the spa of Bagni di Petriolo to the west and Castiglione del Bosco to the east.</p><br>
<p>The river has recently suffered from sulphurous pollutants deriving from the old and neglected mine-workings in the upper part of its course. Fish are far less plentiful than in the past, which may be put down to the exploitation of its waters for irrigation during the summer months; nevertheless there are many cyprinids, and pike are also found.</p><br>
<p>The white mill which gives its name to the Mulino Bianco biscuit manufacturers is located on the upper course of the river: it was constructed in the early 13th century by monks from the nearby abbey of Serena.</p><br>
<p>The St Lythans burial chamber  is a single stone megalithic dolmen, built around 6,000 BP  as part of a chambered long barrow, during the mid Neolithic period, in what is now known as the Vale of Glamorgan, Wales.</p><br>
<p>It lies about one km (0.62 miles) to the west of the hamlet of St Lythans, near Dyffryn Gardens. It also lies around one mile (1.6 km) south of Tinkinswood burial chamber, a more extensive cromlech that it may once have resembled, constructed during the same period.</p><br>
<p>The site is on pasture land, but pedestrian access is allowed and is free, with roadside parking available for 2–3 cars about 50 yd from the site.</p><br>
<p>The dolmen, which has never been fully excavated, is maintained by Cadw (to keep), the Welsh Historic Environment Agency.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The burial chamber stands in a field, Maesyfelin (The Mill Field), often shared by a herd of cows, to the south of St Lythans Road, roughly one km (0.62 miles) west of the hamlet of St Lythans. Roadside parking is available, for 2—3 cars, about 50 yd from the site, which is maintained by Cadw (to keep), the Welsh Historic Environment Agency. Access to the field, which slopes gently downwards towards the north west, is permitted, and is free, via a kissing gate. There is no wheelchair access, although there is an uninterrupted view of the site from the gate, about 50 yd away.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>This chamber tomb is a dolmen, The insides of the two facing, rectangular, uprights have been smoothed off and there is a port-hole at the top of the triangular, rear stone, similar to some other dolmens, such as at Trethevy Quoit, in Cornwall. The burial chamber has a minimum internal height of 1.8 m and is in an east/west alignment, with the entrance facing east.</p><br>
<p>As with most cromlechs, it is likely that originally, the burial chamber would have had a forecourt immediately outside the entrance to the chamber and the chamber would have been covered by a mound of earth and smaller stones. This has either been eroded, or removed, over time, leaving only a much lower barrow behind the current structure. However, as the chamber is unusually tall, it is possible that the capstone was never fully covered.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Prehistoric origins</h3><br>
<p>From the end of the last ice age (between 10,000 and 12,000 BP), mesolithic hunter-gatherers from Central Europe began to migrate to Great Britain. They would have been able to walk between Continental Europe and Great Britain on dry land, prior to the post glacial rise in sea level, up until between 6,000 and 7,000 BP. As the area was heavily wooded and movement would have been restricted, it is likely that people also came to what was to become known as Wales by boat from the Iberian Peninsula. These neolithic colonists integrated with the indigenous people, gradually changing their lifestyles from a nomadic life of hunting and gathering, to become settled farmers. They cleared the forests to establish pasture and to cultivate the land. They built the long barrow at St Lythans around 6,000 BP, about 1,500 years before either Stonehenge or The Egyptian Great Pyramid of Giza was completed. There are over 150 other cromlechs all over Wales, such as Pentre Ifan in Pembrokeshire (Sir Benfro) and Bryn Celli Ddu, on Anglesey (Ynys Môn), of the same period.</p><br>
<h3>Purpose</h3><br>
<p>As well as places to house and to honour the dead, these cromlechs may have been communal and ceremonial sites where, according to Dr Francis Pryor, people would meet "to socialise, to meet new partners, to acquire fresh livestock and to exchange ceremonial gifts". The corpses of the dead were probably left exposed, before the bones were moved into the burial chamber.</p><br>
<h3>New cultures</h3><br>
<p>In common with the people living all over Great Britain, over the following centuries the people living around what is now known as St Lythans assimilated new immigrants and exchanged ideas of the Bronze Age and Iron Age Celtic cultures. Together with the approximate areas now known as Brecknockshire, Monmouthshire and the rest of Glamorgan, St Lythans was settled by a Celtic British tribe called the Silures.</p><br>
<p>Although the Roman occupation left no physical impression on St Lythans, its people embraced the Roman religion of Christianity and dedicated a church to St Bleddian, who had been sent to Britain to stamp out the Pelagian Heresy. The current Church of St Bleddian, in St Lythans, a listed grade II* building, known locally as St Lythan&#39;s Church, was built about ⅔ mile (about 1 km) to the east of this site and has an ancient yew tree in the churchyard.</p><br>
<h3>Recent local history</h3><br>
<p>In the 16th century, the manor was acquired by the Button family, who built the first house about 500 yd north west of the tumulus. The Manor&#39;s name was changed to Dyffryn St Nicholas and the house rebuilt in the 18th century, when the estate was purchased by Thomas Pryce.</p><br>
<p>Commenting on St Lythans in his A Topographical Dictionary of The Dominion of Wales, London, 1811, Nicholas Carlisle, says "The Resident Population of this Parish, in 1801, was 72. It is 6m. W. S.W. from Caerdiff (sic)." and notes that "Here is a Druidical Altar." (Note the spelling of Cardiff, which corresponds closely to the current local Cardiff pronunciation.)</p><br>
<p>By 1831 the population had grown by over 50% ("Lythans, St. (St. Lythian), a parish in the hundred of Dinas-Powis, county of Glamorgan, South Wales, 6 miles (W. S. W.) from Cardiff, containing 103 inhabitants.") and Dyffryn House was being used as "a school for all the poor children of this parish". By now, the dolmen had been correctly identified: "There is a cromlech on St. Lythans common." (From A Topographical Dictionary of Wales by Samuel Lewis, 1833).</p><br>
<p>Census records show that St Lythans&#39; population fluctuated between 81 (1881) and 136 (1861) over the rest of the 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>Local folklore</h2><br>
<p>St Lythans Burial Chamber is also known as Gwâl y Filiast (The Greyhound Bitchs Kennel) — the site had been used as an animal shelter in the early 19th century The cromlech stands in a field known as the "Accursed Field", so called due to its supposed infertility. However, Julian Cope (born about 25 mi to the north, in Deri, Caerphilly) has suggested the name may have derived from "Field OKoeur".</p><br>
<h2>Analysis of contemporary local sites</h2><br>
<p>Few human remains survive from this period, the early Neolithic (c 6400 BP–5300 BP), although they are comparatively well preserved in the Black Mountains, Gower and the Vale of Glamorgan, where up to 50 individuals, of all ages, have been interred — men, women and children — in each cromlech.</p><br>
<p>Minor excavation was carried out at St Lythans by William Collings Lukis in 1875. However his notes are regarded as "poorly-recorded". A report noted in 1976 that "Human remains and coarse pottery were found in 1875 in the debris thrown out from the interior, which partly fills the hollow of the original forecourt in the E (sic) end of the mound." Some surface finds from the cromlech are held in the St Fagans National History Museum, Cardiff. They are a fine leaf-shaped flint arrowhead, a fragment of polished stone axe and several flight flakes. Conservation work was carried out on the eroded barrow in 1992–93, when soil and turfs were replaced to cover the exposed areas.</p><br>
<p>The St Lythans site has not yet been fully excavated. However, results from excavations of other sites are worth noting:</p><br>
<h3>Parc Cwm long cairn</h3><br>
<p>Musculoskeletal analysis of the human remains found at Parc Cwm long cairn (carn hir Parc Cwm), Gower, has shown significant gender lifestyle variation. Male muscular development is greater — possibly from hunting or herding. In contrast, no such variation was noticeable in the remains found during the excavation from the nearby Tinkinswood burial chamber.</p><br>
<h3>Goldsland Wood</h3><br>
<p>Remains from seven neolithic humans have been excavated from a cave at Goldsland Wood, Wenvoe, near the cromlech at St Lythans, together with pottery and flint blades dating from between 5,000 to 5,600 BP. Although there is no evidence to show that the bones relate to the site, it is thought that the corpses had been placed there until they had decomposed. The skeletons would then have been removed to sites such as the St Lythans Burial Chamber</p><br>
<p>or the Tinkinswood Burial Chamber. This appears to be the sole site found in Britain where corpses have been left to rot prior to placement in communal tombs. Most of the remains recovered were small pieces of jaw, fingers or toes.</p><br>
<p>The Tinkinswood site contained human remains and pottery dating to the early Bronze Age, showing that such sites were used over many generations.</p><br>
<p>St. Michaels Cave or Old St. Michaels Cave is the name given to a network of limestone caves located within the Upper Rock Nature Reserve in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar, at a height of over 300 m above sea level. According to Alonso Hernández del Portillo, the first historian of Gibraltar, its name is derived from a similar grotto in Monte Gargano near the Sanctuary of Monte Sant&#39;Angelo in Apulia, Italy, where the archangel Michael is said to have appeared.</p><br>
<p>It is the most visited of the more than 150 caves found inside the Rock of Gibraltar, receiving almost 1,000,000 visitors a year.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Creation</h3><br>
<p>The cave was created by rainwater slowly seeping through the limestone rock, turning into a weak carbonic acid which gradually dissolved the rock. Through this process, tiny cracks in The Rock&#39;s geological fault grew into long passages and large caverns over thousands of years. The numerous stalactites and stalagmites in the cave are formed by an accumulation of traces of dissolved rock deposited by water dripping from the ground above.</p><br>
<h3>Prehistory</h3><br>
<p>In 1974 a Neolithic bowl was discovered in the cave, one of many examples which prove that the cave was known to prehistoric humans. Another would be the recently discovered cave art depicting an ibex drawn in charcoal on one of the cave walls. It has been dated to the solutrean period (15,000 to 20,000 years ago) based on the style used. However, since two Neanderthal skulls have been discovered in Gibraltar, it is possible that they were among the first to set foot in the cave around 40,000 BC.</p><br>
<h3>Ancient world</h3><br>
<p>The first factual description of the cave was written in 45 AD by Pomponius Mela, an Algeciras born geographer. He described Gibraltar as: A mountain with wonderful concavities, which has its western side almost opened by a large cave which may be penetrated far into the interior. However, the writings of Homer as well as artifacts discovered in the cave show that it was already well known to the ancient Greeks, Romans and Phoenicians.</p><br>
<h3>Spanish period</h3><br>
<p>The name Cueva de San Miguel (the current English name is a direct translation of the Spanish toponym) is recorded by the Gibraltar&#39;s first historian, Alonso Hernández del Portillo, in his Historia de la Muy Noble y Más Leal Ciudad de Gibraltar (History of the Very Noble and Most Loyal City of Gibraltar). In his work, Hernández del Portillo also suggests the caves name is taken from the similar grotto in Apulia, Italy.</p><br>
<h3>18th century</h3><br>
<p>During the first century of the British period, there are some records of the attempt by the new owners of the Rock to change the name of the cave using the name of the English patron Saint, Saint George. However, the new name, St. George&#39;s Cave, was not successful and, although still used in the 19th century, has not remained in use, being replaced by its original name.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>During the Victorian era the cave was used as a venue for picnics, parties, concerts, weddings and even duels. The caves would be decorated for many of these events and even illuminated for distinguished visitors by soldiers who would perch on stalagmites with torches.</p><br>
<p>The first official archaeological excavation of the cave was carried out in 1867 by the Governor of the military prison, Captain Brome. He discovered numerous prehistoric artifacts such as stone axes and arrow heads, shell jewelry, bone needles as well as a large collection of pottery. Despite his archeological efforts, Bromes unauthorised use of prisoners labour eventually cost him his job.</p><br>
<p>Officers looking for adventure during quiet times of service, would pass their time exploring the many passages within the cave system. Sometime before 1840, Colonel Mitchell accompanied by a second officer got lost in the caves and were never seen again. Their disappearance led to extensive explorations of the cave system in 1840, 1857 and 1865, but no evidence of the officers&#39; whereabouts was found. Further exploration was carried out between 1936 and 1938, when a scientific expedition was mounted and every known part of the cave system was explored but again no human remains were found.</p><br>
<h3>Military use</h3><br>
<p>It is believed that St. Michaels Cave has had a military use since the Berber general Tariq ibn Ziyad led the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711 AD. This is assumed due to the defensive wall of Moorish origin which protected the caves entrance until recently.</p><br>
<p>Just after Gibraltar&#39;s capture by Anglo-Dutch forces in 1704, 500 Spanish troops concealed themselves within the cave overnight after having ascended through a path led by goatherd Simón Susarte, before an unsuccessful attempt to surprise the garrison.</p><br>
<h4>World War II</h4><br>
<p>During World War II the entire cave was prepared for use as an emergency military hospital. It was never used as such.</p><br>
<h2>New St. Michael's Cave</h2><br>
<p>In 1942, it was decided that an alternate entrance was required to improve air circulation within the emergency hospital in the lower chambers of the cave, as well as to serve as an emergency exit in case of airstrike. Whilst blasting the rock in order to create the extra opening, another deeper system of caves known as New St. Michaels Cave (sometimes referred to as Lower St. Michaels Cave) were discovered. The series of descending chambers are riddled with examples of almost all known cave formations, including an underground lake of crystal clear water.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<h3>Auditorium</h3><br>
<p>The largest of the chambers, named the Cathedral Cave, currently serves as an auditorium. It was converted due to the chamber&#39;s natural acoustic properties. It is equipped with a concrete stage and has a seating capacity of over 100.</p><br>
<p>It has been a regular venue for events such as dramas and son et lumière shows as well as the annual Miss Gibraltar beauty pageant. The cave is also used to hold concerts of all music genres, from operas and philharmonic orchestras to pop and rock. Notable acts who have performed in the cave include Steve Hogarth and Breed 77. The Gibraltar World Music Festival is also held here each year.</p><br>
<h3>Tourism</h3><br>
<p>Presently the cave is one of Gibraltars top tourist attractions and is open daily to the public receiving almost 1,000,000 visitors a year. The cave formations are colourfully lit and visitors can read displays documenting the caves history.</p><br>
<p>St. Michael&#39;s Cave can be reached by car, taxi, cable car or by foot. Tickets include entrance to two of the other major tourist sites on The Rock: the Moorish Castle and the Great Siege Tunnels.</p><br>
<p>Guided tours of Lower St. Michael&#39;s Cave can also be arranged through the Gibraltar Tourist Board. The cave is in a completely natural state, although fully lit and kitted out with ropes to aid minor climbing and scrambling. Safety helmets are provided and comfortable non-slip shoes are recommended.</p><br>
<h2>Legend</h2><br>
<p>The Cathedral Cave was long thought to be bottomless, making St. Michaels Cave the subject of one of Gibraltars most famous legends. It was believed that the cave is one end of a subterranean Ley tunnel over 15 miles (24 km) long which passes under the Strait of Gibraltar. Legend has it that the Barbary macaques entered the Rock from Morocco this way.</p><br>
<p>As the Rock of Gibraltar was thought to be one of the legendary Pillars of Hercules, the Ancient Greeks also believed the cave be the Gates of Hades, an entrance to the underworld.</p><br>
<p>Sunfish Lake is a small, 25 hectare meromictic lake located north-west of Waterloo, Ontario in the village of St. Agatha in northern Wilmot Township, and is the source of Laurel Creek. It is one of a few meromictic lakes in Ontario, that is, its deep bottom waters  are totally devoid of oxygen. The surface and bottom layers do not mix, and the lake is vulnerable to environmental damage.</p><br>
<p>Restrictions on lake use include no motorized boats, no fertilizer or pesticide use, and regular septic tank inspections.</p><br>
<p>Sunfish Lake is often compared to Paradise Lake which is about 3 km to the north west, in Wellesley Township. Paradise Lake is a much larger lake and accommodates many more properties with the ability to live year round.</p><br>
<p>There are about 20 cottages and homes on the lake, of which only a small handful are zoned for year-round residence, the rest are zoned recreational and are not used nor lanes cleared during the winter.</p><br>
<h2>Sunfish Lake Association</h2><br>
<p>The Sunfish Lake Association was formed in 1961 by Edna Staebler and Jack Hutchison and is an incorporated, charitable group with a mandate of stewarding and protecting the Sunfish Lake area. The Sunfish Lake Association has been instrumental in engaging the media and the community in the Region of Waterloo’s Environmentally Sensitive Lands initiative, which is similar to a local greenway.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the 1960s, the ecological health of the area improved and in 1978 the Association co-ordinated the creation of Sunfish Holdings, Inc. to purchase environmentally sensitive lands surrounding Sunfish Lake to guarantee future protection.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s, an intensive program of harvesting chara to remove an abundance of nutrients in the lake was undertaken, along with limiting the lake to counteract the effects of acid rain. Stewardship efforts continued in the 1990s and 2000s with efforts to control purple loosestrife, a new forest management program and considerable efforts to protect a broader area around the lake with the Laurel Creek Headwaters Environmentally Sensitive Landscape greenbelt initiative.</p><br>
<p>The association members have also been supportive of Ontario Nature’s greenway initiative, and regularly share their experiences with engaging landowners and the broader community. The group owns and stewards 50 acre of woodland and wetland surrounding Sunfish Lake. They have undertaken tree planting projects, and have conducted a fish survey of Sunfish Lake.</p><br>
<p>Georgetown College Historic Buildings are a group of historically significant building located on the campus of Georgetown College in Scott County, Kentucky. The structures were added to the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Antebellum buildings</h2><br>
<p>Georgetown College campus has three antebellum buildings: Giddings Hall, Pawling Hall, and Highbaugh Hall.</p><br>
<h3>Giddings Hall</h3><br>
<p>Recitation Hall, now known as Giddings Hall, is a Greek revival building located on at center of the campus. Giddings Hall was the first permanent structure constructed after the college was formed.</p><br>
<p>Currently, the building is used as the main administrative building for the campus. In the past, rooms in the building have been used as a chapel, a library, classrooms, and a theater.</p><br>
<h3>Highbaugh Hall</h3><br>
<p>The Academy Building, now known as Highbaugh Hall, was second permanent building constructed on campus.</p><br>
<p>The literary societies used Highbaugh Hall to host their debates and for their resource library. The building entrances on the east and west have concrete plaques with the names and founding dates of the literary societies.</p><br>
<p>Nemea  is a town in Corinthia, Greece, and the seat of municipality with the same name . It is located a few kilometres west of ancient Nemea, with a population of under four thousand people. The municipality has an area of 204.708 km.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Its primary industry is agriculture and it is the hub for several small villages circling it, including Koutsi, Petri, and Leriza. Nemea is famous for its many wines grown on the plains that surround it. It is also home to DK Distributors, one of the largest distribution companies in Eastern Europe.</p><br>
<h3>Wine Region</h3><br>
<p>Located next to the new town of Nemea, appx. 30 kilometers from Corinth, the appellation of Nemea is the most important red wine AOC of southern Greece and arguably of all of Greece. In Nemea, the indigenous Greek Agiorgitiko grape is used and produces wines famous for their deep red color, complex aroma and long, velvety palate.</p><br>
<p>Grinnell Land is the central section of Ellesmere Island in the northernmost part of Nunavut territory in Canada. It was named for Henry Grinnell, a shipping magnate from New York, who in the 1850s helped finance two expeditions to search for Franklin&#39;s lost expedition.</p><br>
<p>The name was given by Captain Edwin De Haven during the First Grinnell Expedition upon sighting the high grounds in September 1850. He beheld the landmass on the 22nd of that month, which was distinguished by its mountain tops which were seen to be "rising above the clouds." De Haven went on to substantiate the name in his official report of the voyage, dated October 1851.</p><br>
<p>Grinnell Land is part of Quttinirpaaq National Park.</p><br>
<p>Fort Conger is located the northern shore of Lady Franklin Bay in Grinnell Land, across Bellot Island.</p><br>
<p>Williamburg Mountain is actually a high "S" bend in the 150 mile long, Tussey Mountain ridge.</p><br>
<p>The mountain was named after the town of Williamsburg, and is actually a local reference which does not show up on USGS maps. This mountain is also referred to as "The Loop" because of its unique shape when viewed from the air. The summit ridge rises prominently over 1,500 ft above the town and Frankstown Branch of the Juniata River.</p><br>
<p>The summit of the mountain has an old lookout tower, which is now closed, and an array of communication towers. You can drive close to the summit by using State Route 866, then you will have to walk the access road to the towers. Pennsylvania State Game Lands 118 occupies the summit area of this mountain along with other parcels along the Tussey Mountain ridge.</p><br>
<p>The Exchange Hotel in Gordonsville, Virginia, was built in 1860 for Richard F. Omohundro next to an important railroad junction, when the Exchange Hotel offered a welcome stopping place for weary passengers on the Virginia Central Railroad.</p><br>
<h2>Civil War</h2><br>
<p>In March 1862, because of its strategic location, the Exchange Hotel became part of the Gordonsville Receiving Hospital, admitting more than 23,000 sick and wounded in less than a year. The wounded and dying from nearby battlefields such as Cedar Mountain, Chancellorsville, Trevilian Station, Mine Run, Brandy Station, and the Wilderness were brought by the trainloads. Although this was primarily a Confederate facility, the hospital treated the wounded from both sides. Twenty-six Union soldiers died here. By war&#39;s end more than 70,000 men had been treated at the Gordonsville Receiving Hospital and just over 700 would be buried on its surrounding grounds. The scene of untold agony and death, the building survived the conflict.</p><br>
<h2>After the war</h2><br>
<p>In the reconstruction period, this hospital served the newly freed slaves as a Freedman&#39;s Bureau Hospital. As the United States healed and the railroads boomed, this graceful building again became a hotel and enjoyed a fine reputation until the 1940s when it went into decline.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>Historic Gordonsville, Inc. acquired and restored the property in 1971. The museum contains many artifacts from the Civil War era, like medical artifacts, uniforms and firearms. The museum also houses a bookstore. It is located in the Gordonsville Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Old Livery Stable in Fountain, Colorado is a historic stable which was built in 1893 as part of a small hotel complex. It housed horses of hotel guests. With the rise of automobiles such use ended and the stable decayed. The hotel was damaged in a fire in the 1940s, then partially repaired to serve as a rooming house, then demolished to make way for new buildings; only the stable remains.</p><br>
<p>Its NRHP nomination states that the stable is:a vestige of the life and commerce of an earlier day in Fountain. Although vernacular in style, the architecture is of particular interest. The thick, heavy walls; the use of crude stones; the massiveness of the construction; and the integrated use of the dormer and cupola in a stable all reflect a time and a place where there was relatively little architectural knowledge, a time and a place where the builders drew on their rough experiences to build a utilitarian structure to serve the hotel trade. Today the Old Livery Stable stands as a landmark in downtown Fountain.</p><br>
<p>The Denver and Rio Grande Depot, also known as the Montrose Railroad Depot, is a historic railway station in Montrose, Colorado. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and currently houses a historical museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Denver and Rio Grande Railway first reached Montrose in 1882, and by 1885, it was described as the "most important station west of Gunnison City". The current depot was built sometime between 1908 and 1912, replacing a previous facility. The station served both passengers and freight. The railway branched south out of Montrose to Ouray and the Rio Grande Southern Railroad, and it branched east to Gunnison and Crested Butte.</p><br>
<p>The depot was nominated for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places for its architectural and transportation significance; it was listed on June 3, 1982. Beginning circa 1980, the depot has housed the Montrose County Historical Museum. Part of the building has also been rented to the Continental Trailways bus system.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and setting</h2><br>
<p>The depot is located in downtown Montrose, and is described as an "architectural bright spot". It has a Mission Revival design, characterized by the arcades, terra cotta tile roof, and curvilinear parapets. It is a one-story structure, approximately rectangular, with main facades along the east (street side) and west (track side). Two chimneys protrude from the roof. The lower 48 in of the exterior is concrete with a wainscot appearance, above which is rough concrete stucco.</p><br>
<p>A spur track used to exist to the south of the station, since replaced by a parking lot.</p><br>
<p>The James H. Brooks House is a historic house at 61 Columbus Avenue in Somerville, Massachusetts. Built about 1880, it is one of the finer examples of Second Empire architecture in the city. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The James H. Brooks House stands in a residential area of the city&#39;s Prospect Hill neighborhood, on the north side of Columbus Avenue. It is west of the main access to Prospect Hill Park, and its rear property line abuts the park. Set on a narrow lot, it is a 1-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a mansard roof and clapboarded exterior. Its roof pierced by dormers, including an elaborate projecting dormer on the right side of the front facade. It has a tower rising three stories on the left side; it is topped by a steep mansard-style roof, also with gable dormers, that is surmounted by an iron crested railing. The first floor porch is supported by turned pillars on tall square piers, with paired brackets in the eaves.</p><br>
<p>The house was built for James Brooks, a dry goods dealer in Union Square. The land it was built on was platted for development in 1870 by Ira Hill, a leading force in the development of Union Square as the city&#39;s commercial center. The Prospect Hill area, elevated above the square to the south, was promoted by Hill as a fashionable upper-class residential neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>The Martin W. Carr School is a historic school building located at 25 Atherton Street, in the Spring Hill area of Somerville, Massachusetts. Built in 1898, it is a prominent local example of Colonial and Renaissance Revival architecture, and the only known surviving work of local architect Aaron Gould. It served the local neighborhood as a school until 1980, and was subsequently converted into condominiums. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Martin W. Carr School is located in Spring Hill, one of Somervilles oldest residential subdivisions, at the junction of Atherton and Beech Streets. Its lot extends northward to also abut Cleveland Street. It is a four-story H-shaped brick building, built in 1898 as an elementary school with fourteen classrooms. It was named in honor of Martin W. Carr, a successful Somerville manufacturer who was active in city government serving over the years as alderman, city councilor, and member of the school committee. Carrs factory, in buildings now converted to lofts in Davis Square, manufactured jewelry, novelties, and metal ware. The handsome school building was built of red brick in the Renaissance Revival style to a design by Aaron Gould. Gould was then a prominent local architect who designed a number of significant public buildings, of which none but this now survive.</p><br>
<p>The City of Somerville closed the Carr School in 1980. The building was sold to a developer who converted it to residential use in 1997. It was initially a rental building and subsequently converted to condos. Today there are 20 condominiums in the Carr School. There are studios, one-bedrooms, and two-bedroom condos on three floors plus a lower level.</p><br>
<p>The Carr School is located across Atherton Street from one of Somerville&#39;s most unusual architectural landmarks, the Round House.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Vernon Street Historic District is a historic district consisting of the even-numbered houses at 8—24 Mount Vernon Street in Somerville, Massachusetts. The district includes four modest Greek Revival houses built c. 1850, an earlier Federal period house, and a late 19th century Second Empire house, representing a progression of housing styles through the 19th century. The houses at 8, 12, 16, and 20 Mount Vernon are all well conserved Greek Revival 1.5 story buildings with side hall layout, although #12 has had synthetic siding applied. The house at #16 has preserved more of its exterior detailing than the others, while #20 is distinctive for its use of flushboard siding, giving the house the appearance of ashlar masonry work. Behind the house at #12 is a second house that is some external Greek Revival styling, but has a five bay center entrance layout more typical of the Federal period; it is known to predate the house in front of it. The duplex at 22-24 Mount Vernon has a mansard roof characteristic of the Second Empire style; its construction date is estimated to be c. 1880.</p><br>
<p>Mount Vernon Street was platted out in 1845, and was located near the railroad line which had been laid across the Charlestown Neck in 1835. The area, which had previously been largely rural, developed as a comparatively suburban area with ready access to Boston, and was one of the earliest parts of what became Somerville to be developed in this way.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Mystic Water Works, also called the Mystic Pumping Station, is a historic water works at Alewife Brook Parkway and Capen Street in Somerville, Massachusetts. Built in 1862-65 by the city of Charlestown , it is a significant example of a mid-19th century waterworks facility. The building has been listed twice on the National Register of Historic Places. The first, in 1989, is part of the city of Somerville&#39;s listings, and was made under the name "Mystic Water Works". The second is part of an umbrella listing covering the entire historic water works system of Greater Boston, and was made in 1990, listed as the "Mystic Pumping Station".</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Mystic Water Works is located on the south side of the Mystic Valley Parkway, just east of its junction with the Alewife Brook Parkway, and just east of the mouth of Alewife Brook where it empties into the Mystic River. It is a large 1-1/2 story building, built out of load-bearing brick in a Romanesque Revival style with a mansard roof. Its original main block is nine bays wide, with a two bay addition made in 1870 to the east, and a five bay addition to the west in 1895, both stylistically similar to the original.</p><br>
<p>The building was built by the city of Charlestown as part of its initiative to dam the Mystic Lakes to provide it with water. Somerville was also allowed to tap into the lines, and the building thus became part of Somervilles first municipal water supply. When Charlestown became part of Boston in 1874 the building was taken over by that citys water authority, later known as the Metropolitan District Commission (MDC). When first built, it housed two steam-powered engines with a combined capability of moving 13 million gallons of water per day. The additions were built to provide space for addition pumps as the system was expanded to include Everett in 1870, and again in 1895. The facility was abandoned by the MDC in 1912, and its machinery scrapped. During World War I it housed offices, and in 1921 it was adapted for use as a machine shop. At the time of its listing on the National Register it was still in this use by the MDC. The building is now vacant, and belongs to the city of Somerville.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the city of Somerville began conversion of the property into affordable senior housing units. The exterior will be restored, and some interior features will be retained.</p><br>
<p>The Spring Hill Historic District is a historic district roughly bounded by Summer, Central, Atherton, and Spring Streets in the Spring Hill area of Somerville, Massachusetts. The district encompasses the city&#39;s best-preserved residential subdivision from the mid-19th century, with later infill construction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>Most development took place in the neighborhood between the 1840s and early 1900s. Spring Hill has a fine selection of Greek Revival houses and Victorians including Italianates, Gothic Revivivals and Queen Annes. Large houses were built in the neighborhood as well as smaller workers&#39; houses and attached houses. In the early 1900s triple-deckers filled in the remaining land.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Spring Hill is a glacial drumlin with an elongated summit roughly north of Summer Street, between Lowell and Cedar Streets in central Somerville. Its name derives from a spring that was useful for farmers who originally settled the area in the 17th century. The construction of the Boston and Lowell Railroad in the 1840s, with a station at the base of the hill, spurred residential construction in the area for businessmen working in Charlestown and Boston. The tract of land making up this district was purchased by George Brastow, a native of Wrentham who later became Somerville&#39;s first mayor. Recognizing the potential for development, Brastow hired Alexander Wadsworth to lay out housing lots.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is roughly L-shaped, and is bounded on the north by Summer Street, on the west by Spring Street, on the south by Atherton Street as far as Beech Street, on the east by Central Street (between Summer and Monmouth Streets) and Harvard Street (further south to Atherton). It includes 69 historically significant buildings, most of which were built during the area&#39;s first major period of development, 1845-1870. A second period of construction 1885-1910 resulted in the infill construction of additional buildings, including the 1898 Martin W. Carr School, the only non-residential building in the district.</p><br>
<p>The oldest buildings in the district include seven of the first eight houses built after Brastow&#39;s subdivision; these are all Greek Revival two-family residences, of which 46-48 Atherton Street is the least altered. The Italianate Round House was built at Atherton and Beech Streets in 1856, and remains a local curiosity. Its builder, Enoch Robinson, also built the fine Italianate house at 47 Spring Street, which is one of the finest examples of that style in the city.</p><br>
<p>Most of the buildings in the district are wood frame structures, with one to three housing units. Most were not architect designed; there is only one house, 152 Summer Street, that has been definitely attributed to an architect. In this case it was local architect George Loring, who is known to have designed more than 100 residences in the city, although only a few survive. The c. 1890 Rymes House at 49 Spring Street may also be a Loring design.</p><br>
<p>The Somerville Journal Building is a historic commercial building at 8-10 Walnut Street in Somerville, Massachusetts. It was built in 1894 as offices and the printing facility for the Somerville Journal, a weekly publication that continues to exist as part of the "Wicked Local" franchise of GateHouse Media. The building, a somewhat typical example of late 19th-century commercial architecture, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Journal Building is set on the west side of Walnut Street, near its southern end in Union Square. It is a two-story brick structure, with a single storefront on the ground floor that has plate glass windows flanking a recessed entrance. The second story has six round-arch openings originally filled with sash windows, which were updated with double hung windows in 2012. A corbelled cornice is set below the roof, and a brownstone stringcourse separates the basement from the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>The Somerville Journal was founded in 1870, and had this building constructed in 1894 to house a new generation of printing equipment. Its styling is typical of other small commercial buildings built in Union Square, which was then the city&#39;s commercial business center. Administrative and editorial offices were on the first floor. Production and typesetting were on the second floor, and printing presses and equipment were located in the basement. The Somerville Journal vacated the building in approximately the 1950s. Through the sixties, the building was used as a Kodak facility offering developing, printing, and enlarging. During the 1970s the building was used as a youth recreation center for the City of Somerville. It has been used as artist studios since the 1970s. It now houses a vintage retail store, in addition to studios.</p><br>
<p>The Montrose County Courthouse stands three stories high in downtown Montrose, Colorado and was built in the Classical Revival style from locally quarried sandstone. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Denver architect William Norman Bowman designed the building, which was completed in 1923 and has undergone only minor alterations. The building features a projecting central bay of smooth-faced sandstone, stairs rising from street level, Roman Doric columns supporting a lintel engraved with the county&#39;s name, and three sets of double doors with grillwork transoms at the main entrance. The roof is made of red tile, and walls flanking the entry are made of rough sandstone.</p><br>
<p>A foyer inside the entrance has a vaulted ceiling with wainscotting, Doric columns, and marble pilasters. A bronze tablet lists 34 World War I veterans and a nurse from the county who died in the war or from war-related injuries.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse dominates the block, with only a small, two-story jail built in 1936 in a similar style.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was built at a cost of $225,000 and was dedicated on Dec. 7, 1923. It replaced a courthouse converted from the town skating rink in 1885. The county&#39;s first courthouse after its creation in 1882 was an adobe building.</p><br>
<p>Berkey and Gay Furniture Company Factory is a manufacturing plant in Grand Rapids, Michigan.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1859, Julius Berkey opened a small shop on Erie Street in Grand Rapids, Michigan, which made doors, sash windows, and window blinds. In 1860, William A. Berkey established a blind, door and sash factory on Mill Street. In 1862, the Berkeys began producing goods for the wholesale trade.</p><br>
<p>In 1866, George W. Gay bought half interest in Berkey&#39;s concern, which became known as "Berkey Bros and Gay." In 1873, William A. Berkey sold out his interest, and the company was incorporated later that same year as "Berkey and Gay Furniture".</p><br>
<p>In 1874, the new company opened their six-story factory, complete with wholesale and retail showrooms, in Grand Rapids.</p><br>
<p>The company is known for making Victorian furniture.</p><br>
<p>Mount Rogers is a large hill, with an elevation of 704 m, located in the northern suburbs of Canberra, within the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. There is a park called the Mount Rogers Reserve at the crest of the hill, and a trig point at the summit.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>The suburbs of, and are situated on its slopes.</p><br>
<p>Mount Rogers has several significant rocky outcrops around the area which are predominantly made up of dacite, indicating the areas volcanic past. Small boulders are also common and the soil is generally rocky and thin. The area contain approximately 50 two-hundred-year-old eucalypts. The stumps of even larger older trees indicate that, prior to European settlement, the landscape would have been an open grassy woodland. Many new trees and shrubs were planted in the early 1970s as the suburbs houses were built around the rather treeless hill.</p><br>
<p>Mount Rogers has a popular walking track, approximately 2.5 km in length, around its perimeter which offers beautiful views of Lake Ginninderra, the Brindabellas, and Hall. Regular walkers and other locals care about this 64 hectare (approx.) piece of land and its bird, reptile, plant and mammal species, and this interest has promoted community spirit and monthly working bees. The area has a Landcare group, Mt Rogers Landcare, which has a blog where the groups coordinators newsletters are posted periodically.</p><br>
<p>Superb Parrots and Tawny Frogmouths have been regular (bird) visitors to Mt Rogers in recent years, as recorded on the blog and its pages.</p><br>
<h2>Etymologist</h2><br>
<p>Mount Rogers is named after John Core Rogers (c. 1898-1971) who was the Commonwealth Surveyor General from 1949-1963. He also served on the Canberra Building Review Committee, was foundation president of the Canberra Division of the Institute of Surveyors and was instrumental in the formation of the National Mapping Council in 1945.</p><br>
<p>Corder House and Sydenham House are two, adjacent, Grade II listed buildings on Fawcett Street, in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, England. Designed by Frank Caws in the Neo-Moorish style, they were constructed in brick from 1889&ndash;1891 by David and John Rankin with terracotta features by J. C. Edwards of Ruabon.</p><br>
<h2>Corder House</h2><br>
<p>Corder House was constructed for a local drapery company, Corder&#39;s, owned by Alexander Corder. It is four storeys high, including the attic. The building has a ground floor panelled fascia and a cusped arcaded frieze with roll-moulded coping. The projecting canted bays on the arcaded first floor are flanked by narrow lights with Gothic capitals to the pilasters and the elaborate heads over the central lights of the canted bays; all are with paired, mullioned cusped overlights and a dripstring. The second-floor central balustraded balcony has panels with Gothic letters; the curvilinear windows with paired arcaded top lights have shallow canted centres under the balustraded attic balconies. The elliptical-headed cusped attic arches to the recessed windows are flanked by scrolls and pilasters which rise to high shaped gables with terracotta patterns, central oval lights, and raised segmental pediments. The dates 1856 and 1889 are in the outer panels at the eaves level. The steeply pitched roof has a central lantern with Gothic lights and a high, conical roof.</p><br>
<h2>Sydenham House</h2><br>
<p>Sydenham House is four storeys high, including the attic. It has a moulded ground floor fascia and frieze below a full-width balcony with a stone balustrade. The first floor windows, tripartite in the centre and paired in the outer bays, have upper glazing bars in curvilinear heads below the swags and the second floor balcony which projects in the centre over panelled pilasters defining the first floor central bay. The square-headed second floor lights have raised arches with pendants, the central bay is defined by plain pilasters with scrolled pediment heads under a panelled band and outer scrolled pediments. The central attic gable has a raised segmental pediment over an eclectic tracery of a wide arched light containing smaller cusped lights. Its steeply pitched roof has an end chimney.</p><br>
<p>Lac de Sylans is a lake at Le Poizat in the Ain department, France.</p><br>
<p>It is significant for the ruins of one of the 19th century&#39;s largest ice harvesting factories and the occasional outflow of water in two directions.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The lac de Sylans fills part of the Nantua water gap, which was formed during the last glacial era. The formation of the lake itself is much more recent; it is the result of the collapse of the cliff on the Northern side of the valley a few centuries ago. This huge landslide partially blocked the valley between the ice factory and the source of the Doye, above les Neyrolles, blocking the river that was flowing along what is now the bed of the lake, causing the lake to form. Today the water percolates through the landslide debris to form the source of the Doye.</p><br>
<p>In dry summers the level of the lake can fall by 5m, whereas during wet periods, the level can rise to a point where the water also flows out towards Saint-Germain-de-Joux and Bellegarde-sur-Valserine, at the other end of the water gap, via the Combet stream, which flows into the Semine then the Valserine, which flows into the Rhône.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Ice Harvesting Factory</h3><br>
<p>The ice factory was built in 1865 after Joachim Moinat had the idea to use the very pure ice that covered the lake every year in his café. This purity meant the ice could be used as is without purification. To store the ice, he built a wooden hut. In 1875, a second building was erected. This one was equipped with cavity walls in which the cavity was filled with sawdust for better thermal insulation.</p><br>
<p>In 1885, he sold the business to the société des glacières de Paris. There followed, between 1890 and 1910, the construction of further buildings in wood then in stone. These building served as dwellings offices, a canteen, a stable and a repair workshop.</p><br>
<p>Later when the Haut-Bugey railway line was opened, 20 to 30 wagons loaded with 10 tonnes each departed every day of the summer for Paris, Lyon, Marseille, Toulon et even Alger. These loads were covered with a jute mat, straw and a tarpaulin for insulation. Losses were reasonable, as for 10 tonnes shipped, about 8 arrived in Paris.</p><br>
<p>By 1880, the factory was producing 300,000 tons per year on average. Machines able to make ice from water appeared around 1900. The warmer winters of 1911 to 1913 and the First World War saw an end to production in 1917.</p><br>
<p>Today, only a few traces remain of what was one of the largest ice factories of the 19th century. Some restoration has taken place, revealing how the warehouses might have been.</p><br>
<h3>Transport Infrastructure</h3><br>
<p>Running on each side of the lake are two important transport arteries. On the south side the Haut-Bugey railway line, initially a regional line from Bourg en Bresse to Bellegarde, but rebuilt in 2010 to carry TGVs from Geneva to Paris</p><br>
<p>On the northern side the A40 autoroute connecting Switzerland and Northern Italy (via the Mont Blanc tunnel) to France.</p><br>
<p>Mount Gabriel is a mountain on the Mizen Peninsula situated immediately to the north of the town of Schull, in West Cork, Ireland.</p><br>
<p>Mt. Gabriel is 407m high and is the highest eminence in the coastal zone south and east of Bantry Bay. A roadway serving the radar installations on the summit is open to the public.</p><br>
<p>From the peak of Mt. Gabriel, there are views South over Schull Harbour and Long Island Bay. To the east and southeast, the views take in Roaring Water Bay and its many islands, popularly known as Carbery&#39;s Hundred Isles. North and West is a view of the mountains of the Beara Peninsula and South Kerry.</p><br>
<p>The Fastnet Rock is situated approximately 18 km to the South, and is visible in fine weather.</p><br>
<h2>Mining</h2><br>
<p>On the southern and eastern slopes of the mountain is evidence of Bronze Age mining activity. The principal ore mined for was Copper. Some of the archaeological items found on the mountain are now found in the National Museum in Dublin.</p><br>
<h2>Radar domes</h2><br>
<p>In the late 1970s, as part of the development of Eurocontrol (the European air traffic control system), two radar domes were built on the top of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>1982 the Irish National Liberation Army, an Irish republican paramilitary group blew up the radar domes, wrongly claiming that they were being used by NATO in violation of Irish neutrality.</p><br>
<p>Ogosta  is a lake and reservoir in the north-west of Bulgaria. The second largest artificial lake in Bulgaria , and also in the wider Balkan Peninsula, it is one of the biggest in Europe.</p><br>
<p>Collecting the waters of the rivers Ogosta, Burzia, and Zlatitsa, the lake begins only 600 meters to the south-west of the edge of Montana city, and its surface is some 60 meters above the ground level of the city. Its water catchment area covers 948 km, and the area of the lake itself is 24 hectares. The average water volume is 384 Mm, while the maximum volume is 506Mm.</p><br>
<p>According to the Cambridge Ancient History, the name "Ogosta" may represent the Latin name Augusta.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the dam which created the lake took twenty years and was completed in 1986. For the project two villages were flooded, Jivovtsi and Kalimanitsa, and their inhabitants were found new homes in nearby Berkovitsa and Montana.</p><br>
<p>One purpose of the new reservoir was to irrigate large areas of agricultural land lying between Montana and Zlatia, near Lom, but by 1989 only half of the necessary infrastructure of water-pipes had been laid down, and the irrigation scheme was never completed. Now the waters of the lake are used instead to generate electricity, and two hydro-electric power-stations called “Kosharnik” and “Ogosta” have been built below the dam.</p><br>
<p>In 1999 the lake was designated for commercial fishing and it now holds a wide variety of fish, including carp, carassius, rudd, carp bream, perch, nase, barbus and others.</p><br>
<p>The James Brown House is a historic building in the Hudson Square neighborhood of New York City. It was built in the late 18th century. Today, it is listed in the National Register of Historic Places and is a City Landmark. It is one of the few existing examples of Federal architecture in New York. Its ground level is the site of The Ear Inn, one of the oldest existing taverns in New York City.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first record in New York City of the two-and-a-half-story Flemish brick house which features a gambrel roof and dormers was in 1817 the year Greenwich Village was formally incorporated into New York City. The building was originally the home of James Brown, an African-American Revolutionary War veteran, who was the proprietor of a tobacco store on the ground floor of the house. At the time of the building&#39;s construction, the house was only several feet from the shoreline of the Hudson River, although subsequent urban development has since filled in land that has increased the distance to the shore.</p><br>
<p>Brown sold the building to two apothecaries in the mid-19th century, and records show that a tavern occupied the shop from at least 1835; it was likely a bar even earlier than that, making it one of the oldest taverns in New York City. who ran a tavern and sold beer and spirits to sailors and longshoremen. The tavern had a brewery that was later turned into a restaurant. Cloke was reported to be a successful businessman and was well regarded in the community.</p><br>
<p>Cloke sold the business in 1919 in anticipation of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which prohibited the sale of alcohol. During Prohibition, the restaurant became a speakeasy, while the upstairs floors were variously a boarding house, a headquarters for smugglers, and a brothel.</p><br>
<p>After Prohibition, the bar re-opened, but now existed as a business without a name. It was simply called "The Green Door", and catered to a clientele of waterfront workers, almost all of whom were hard-drinking regulars. The area declined sharply during the mid-20th century, as urban decay turned the once-bustling area into a nearly abandoned district.</p><br>
<p>In 1969, the building was one of the earliest designations of the city&#39;s Landmarks Commission.</p><br>
<p>In the mid 1970s, a group of struggling artists purchased the building, and in 1977, they re-opened the bar. Due to restrictions on changing signage on historic buildings, however, the new proprietors simply painted out part of the letter B in the "Bar" sign, turning it into the word "Ear", after The Ear, a music magazine they published upstairs.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Today, the James Brown House remains largely unchanged from its past appearance, even as urban renewal has transformed the area around it. Indeed, as part of the permitting process, real-estate developers have paid for thousands of dollars in repairs and improvements to the building, including a backyard fire escape The Ear Inn still exists as a bar and restaurant, featuring memorabilia from its past.</p><br>
<p>Tiruchirappalli Rockfort is a historic fortification and temple complex built on an ancient rock. It is located in the city of Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India. It is constructed on a 83 m high rockIndia</p><br>
<p>By Sarina Singh, Joe Bindloss, Paul Clammer, Janine Eberle that may date to over one billion years ago. There are two Hindu temples inside, the Ucchi Pillayar Temple, Rockfort and the Thayumanaswami Temple, Rockfort. Other local tourist attractions include the famous Pallava-era Ganesha temple and the Madurai Nayak-era fort. The fort complex has witnessed fierce battles between the Madurai Nayakas and Adil Shahi dynasty of Bijapur, Carnatic region and Maratha Imperial forces. The fort played an important part during the Carnatic Wars, helping lay the foundations of the British Empire in India. The Rockfort is the most prominent landmark of the city.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The name "Rockfort" comes from frequent military fortifications built here, first by the emperors of the Vijayanagara Empire and later by the British Empire during the Carnatic Wars. The oldest structure in the fort is a cave temple built by the Pallavas in 580. During the Chola period, the nearby town of Woraiyur was their capital, but the Pallavas did not keep control of this strategic city and lost it to the Pandyas. The Cholas reasserted themselves in the 10th century. Trichy continued to be in their possession until the decline of the empire, after which it became a Vijayanagara stronghold.</p><br>
<p>In the mid 14th century, the region was controlled by the Delhi Sultanate after Malik Kafur&#39;s raid on South India. They were ousted and the region came under the control of Vijayanagara. During the early part of the 16th century, the region came under the control of the Madurai Nayaks, who were the earlier governors of Vijayanagara Empire. However, it was under the Nayaks of Madurai that Tiruchirapalli prospered in its own right and grew to be the city that it is today. The Madurai Nayaks constructed the Rock Fort Temple Lake along with major walls as foundations, establishing the town as a trading city and later, their capital.</p><br>
<p>The fort palace also witnessed the transfer of power from Queen Meenakshi to Chanda Sahib, as he ruled in conjunction with the alliance with the Kingdom of France. He lost this command when his uncle, the Nawab of the Carnatic along with the British, seized the fort after the Carnatic wars. This enabled the British to gain a foothold in Tamil Nadu and later all of South India.</p><br>
<p>In modern times, the fort is maintained and administered by the Chennai Circle of the Archaeological Survey of India. The fort is one of the prominent tourist destinations in Tamil Nadu.</p><br>
<h2>Major Battles</h2><br>
<h3>Nayak era</h3><br>
<p>As the Rockfort was the capital of the Madurai Nayaks, the fort has witnessed fierce battles. One of the largest was the Battle of Toppur for supremacy between the Aravidu dynasty of Vijayanagara and the Madurai Nayaks. The former won, with support from the rulers of Mysore and Thanjavur in the 16th century. Later, the Nayaks faced fierce attacks from Adil Shahi, Mysorean and Imperial Maratha troops. The Fort complex formed the northwest territory to the Nayaks. During their two-century rule, they had occasional skirmishes with their neighbours, the Thanjavur Nayak kingdom, the Thanjavur Maratha kingdom, and, more frequently, with the invading Adil Shahi, Kingdom of Mysore, and Imperial Maratha armies.</p><br>
<h3>Carnatic Nawab Era</h3><br>
<p>During the mid century, Chanda Sahib, aided by the French, made this fort his home base. He battled with the combined forces of the Carnatic Nawab and British. He was defeated in the Carnatic wars and was forced to cede his lands to the British.</p><br>
<h3>British Era</h3><br>
<p>In the late 18th century, Hyder Ali was a major threat to the British, as were the French who were still fighting for their colonial supremacy in this region. By now, the town was firmly established as a Cantonment town and the fort&#39;s gate was known as main guard gate.Robert Clive lived near the tank when he was in Tiruchirappalli.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The rock is said to be one of the oldest formations in the world. It is 3.8 billion years old, making it as old as the rocks in Greenland and older than the Himalayas. Quartz, used in glass making, and feldspar, used in ceramics, are found in this rock formation.</p><br>
<p>As the name suggests, the Rock Fort Temple is situated on 83 metre-high outcrops. The Pallavas initially built this temple, but the Nayaks made use of its naturally fortified position and designed it again. It is a long climb up the 344 steps cut into the stone to the top.</p><br>
<p>The temple complex in the fort complex is a collection of three temples:</p><br>
<p>the Manikka Vinayakar temple at the foot of the hill, dedicated to Lord Ganesha</p><br>
<p>the Ucchi Pillayar Temple at the top of the hill, dedicated to Lord Ganesha</p><br>
<p>the Taayumaanavar Koyil Shivastalam, a rock cut temple dedicated to a Nayaka era saint, Taayumaanavar. Mathrubutheswarar, dedicated to Lord Shiva, has a lingam which is a projection of the rock itself. It is reached by a flight of steps on the way to Ucchi Pillayar Temple.</p><br>
<h3>Rock-Cut Temple</h3><br>
<p>There are two rock cut temples in the fort, one in the lower part of the fort called Lower Cave temple and other in the complex outside the Thayumanswamny on the way up to Uchi Pillayar Kovil, called the Upper Cave temple. An archaeological study in 2010 revealed that the layout of the rock-cut caves in the temple is similar to that of other rock-cut temples such as the Pundarikakshan Perumal Temple at Thiruvellarai and Pechipalai cave temple. The unfinished caves in the temple, along with the lower cave temples in Thiruvellarari and Tirupparankunram, each have a shrine for Shiva in the east and Vishnu in the west, separated by a central bay between them. The study also revealed that the Lower Cave temple along with Kudumiyan Malai temple exhibited unique form of pillars, which are otherwise not seen in other temples in Tamil Nadu.</p><br>
<p>The rock-cut temple in the hill temple complex was built during the Pallava era and is named Lalitankura Pallaveswaram, with several inscriptions attributed to Mahendravarman I. The Cholas, the Vijayanagara emperors and the Nayaks of Madurai have made extensive contributions here. The two-storey-tall Taayumaanava temples are considered to be a masterpiece of construction.</p><br>
<p>The Budgewoi Lake, a lagoon that is part of the Tuggerah Lakes, is located within the Central Coast Council local government area in the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia. The lake is located near the settlement of Budgewoi and is situated about 100 km north of Sydney.</p><br>
<h2>Features and location</h2><br>
<p>Drawing its catchment from a small creek and the southern half of Lake Munmorah, Budgewoi Lake is located north of Wallarah Point and is bounded by Toukley, Budgewoi, Buff Point, Charmhaven and Gorokan. To the south of the lake, the Tuggerah Lake drains excess water, that flows to the Tasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean, via The Entrance. When full, Budgewoi Lake covers an area of around 1,400 hectare.</p><br>
<p>Chopaka Mountain, also known as Mount Chopaka, is a summit in the leeward flank of the North Cascades. Its summit area is a Natural Area Preserve comprising 2,764 acre, and features a mountain goat population and various rare plants. The last surviving native herd of bighorn sheep in Washington was located on Chopaka Mountain until hunted out in the 1920s.</p><br>
<h2>Name origin</h2><br>
<p>According to the British Columbia Geographical Names Information System, in their record on nearby Chopaka, British Columbia, Chopaka was either an Okanagan hunter turned to stone by "coyote", or a maiden transformed into stone. Another meaning is given by regional climbing guide author Fred Beckey who states that Chopaka is an Indian word meaning "high mountain".</p><br>
<p>The Old Southeast Town Hall is located on Main Street  in Brewster, New York, United States. Built in 1896, it served as the main office of the Town of Southeast, which surrounds and includes Brewster. In 1964, the towns clerk and supervisor moved to the recently closed First National Bank of Brewsters building down the street .</p><br>
<p>Some town offices are still in the building, which also today houses the Southeast Museum. In 1979, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in recognition of its early yet mature Colonial Revival architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The former town hall is a three-story, three-bay rectangular structure of brick (now faced with putty-colored stucco) in common bond. The front facade has a distinctive, elaborate main entrance with a two-story portico framed by pilasters which go all the way to the roofline. The entrance itself, now behind modern storm doors, has four paneled wooden doors with a neoclassical surround with engaged columns, full entablature and large fanlight. On either side of the portico are sash windows, similarly trimmed, supported by aprons atop smaller side entrances on the first story.</p><br>
<p>The hip roof is pierced on the front by three dormer windows whose pointed crests reflect the Moorish Revival trend of the earlier 19th century. Four corbeled chimneys rise from the top.</p><br>
<p>Window placement on the other four sides is irregular. The east side still has its original wrought iron fire escape. An additional entrance, to the buildings basement, is found on the south side. On the west side, a small jail wing of similar material, built shortly after the completion of the town hall, is the buildings only addition.</p><br>
<p>On the inside, the ground level is of stripped maple with sheet-iron walls and ceiling supported by two rows of cast iron columns. A large metal vault is located under the main stairs, which lead to the auditorium. That takes up two stories leading up to an exposed wooden truss ceiling. The three dormers provide light to the balcony level behind them.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Brewster and the area around it grew substantially in the years after the Civil War due to the construction of the New York and Harlem Railroad. The New York Central Railroad arrived in Brewster in 1849. In response to this, a Second Empire-style town hall was built on the site in 1869. It burned down on February 23, 1880 when a fire swept the entire south side of Main Street. A replacement was built in 1882,</p><br>
<p>Mindful of these two disasters, the current building was designed by the New York City firm of Child & DeGroll to be as fireproof as possible, using less combustible materials like iron and brick. It opened in 1896. Four years later, in 1900, the jail wing was added to the west. That has been the only significant addition or alteration to the building.</p><br>
<p>The town government remained there until, in 1964, more space became necessary. The town clerk and town supervisor&#39;s office were moved to the recently closed First National Bank of Brewster building down the street, near the train station. The Southeast Museum had been established a year earlier, and moved into the vacated space. The Southeast Museum has been a steward of the Old Town Hall for 47 years.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, prior to the building being listed on the Register, extensive renovations were done to bring it back to its original appearance, jointly sponsored by the village of Brewster and the Southeast Museum. Supervising architect Richard Brennan of New Canaan, Connecticut relied on the original drawings to guide the restoration. The auditorium&#39;s stage was extended 10 feet (3 m) to accommodate the needs of contemporary theatrical productions, and the basement was remodeled to serve as offices for some minort town offices and community organizations, and town court. No other changes were made at that time.</p><br>
<p>The towns master plan update in 2002 recommended that it take measures to bring the building up to code and otherwise improve it. The town court, especially, was overcrowded. This led to the construction of the current town hall in the mid-2000s and the towns final retreat from its old town hall.</p><br>
<p>The Grass Valley Public Library  is a Carnegie library and on the National Register of Historic Places. Located in Grass Valley, California and a part of the Nevada County Library System, it is open Tuesday through Saturday.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There were several early attempts to establish a library in the California Gold Rush town of Grass Valley. The first was in 1860, followed by another in 1869, but neither survived. The Emmanuel Episcopal Church was established in Grass Valley in 1858, but it wasn&#39;t until 1901 that the non-denominational Emmanuel Church Library opened to provide library services to "the Atheist and the Buddhist if such there be".</p><br>
<p>A decade later, the city became the library&#39;s governing body. It requested a Carnegie grant in 1914 and received $15,000 the following year. The chosen building site, at 207 Mill Street, near the intersection of Mill and Neal Street, had been the birthplace and early home of philosopher Josiah Royce.</p><br>
<p>In 2005, the library, now a branch of the county library system, was renamed to honor Royce.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>San Francisco architect William Sebastian Mooser was selected over William Weeks to design the new library. The builders were Welch Bros. and Hannemann from Oakland who also built the Gridley Carnegie Library.</p><br>
<p>The building is of Neoclassical architecture (also known as "classical revival" style). Its exterior includes red brick and white pilasters.</p><br>
<p>The Bardwell-Ferrant House is a house in the Phillips West neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. It was built in 1883 at 1800 Park Avenue for its first owner, Charles Bardwell, and its original plan was in the Queen Anne style. In 1890 its second owner, Emil Ferrant, had the house remodeled in the Moorish Revival style that was popular at the time. Norwegian-born architect Carl F. Struck added two onion domed towers, a wraparound porch with spindlework columns, ogee arches, and deep-toned stained glass windows. The house was later moved to its present location at 2500 Portland Ave. S. in 1898 to make way for a bank building.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. It was nominated based on it being a locally significant example of the late 19th-century interest in exotic revival architecture. Architect Carl Struck was the only Norwegian-born architect who practiced this style in Minneapolis. Struck was also responsible for designing Dania Hall in 1885, which was listed on the National Register in 1974 but destroyed by fire in 2000. There were few buildings originally built in the Moorish Revival style; the usual practice was to apply these forms to structures built in simpler styles. The Bardwell-Ferrant house is an unusually picturesque representative of this practice, making it locally significant.</p><br>
<p>In 1986 partners Mary Lou Maxwell and Jean Steward bought the house and renovated it, subdividing it into four apartments. At the time, the house was structurally sound, but significant mechanical work was required, including new heating, electrical, and plumbing systems. Thieves had also stolen some of the stained glass windows and tile from the fireplace mantels. After the renovation, three of the four apartments had two stories, and all were outfitted with new appliances. Much of the siding on the exterior was replaced, and it was repainted in a mauve color (the Victorian term for this color was "ashes of roses"). The trim was painted in a cream color, and the pressed metal trim on the towers was painted with other colors to complement the stained glass windows.</p><br>
<p>The home was sold again in 2001 and later fell into foreclosure. In 2011 a new owner purchased the home with an eye toward restoring the house to a single family home. During the period of foreclosure the home suffered from vandalism and damage including structural issues, several fireplace mantels that had been pried away from the walls, damage to several of the stained glass windows and theft of some of the home&#39;s copper pipe and wiring.</p><br>
<p>The Worcester Market Building is a historic commercial building at 627 Main Street in Worcester, Massachusetts. When it was built in 1914, it was believed to be the largest grocery supply building in the nation. It was built for Fayette Asyril Amidon, who had founded the Worcester Market in 1894 after establishing a similar enterprise in Providence, Rhode Island. The building was designed by Oreste Ziroli, an Italian immigrant who worked as a draftsman for the building&#39;s builder, J. W. Bishop. The exterior of the building is terracotta that has been decorated with medallions on agricultural themes.</p><br>
<p>The market was designed with modern (for the period) ideas of efficiency. The main floor, covering 25,000 ft&sup2, was devoted to retail space, and was designed to comfortably handle 4,500 customers. The basement and second floor were storage space, arranged so that supplies were located near their retail points on the main floor. These areas were connected to the main floor by elevators, eliminating the need for delivery vehicles to move in customer aisles.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Washburn and Moen North Works District encompass an industrial complex that housed the largest business in Worcester, Massachusetts in the second half of the 19th century. Founded in 1831, Washburn and Moen was an innovating manufacturer of wire and related products, including telegraph wire, barbed wire , which were used in large quantities during Americas westward expansion. The companys Grove Street complex was developed in the 1860s and 1870s, and was used all or in part by the company and it successors until 1943. It continues to be used for light industrial manufacturing , and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The complex is located north of downtown Worcester, between Grove and Prescott Streets north of Faraday Street. It consists of thirteen brick buildings, the oldest of which was built in 1863. Located at the southern end of the complex, the Cotton Mill manufactured cotton that was used to wrap crinoline wire that was used in hoop skirts. When hoop skirts went out of fashion, the building was converted to produce wire. Originally a three story building, it was raised to four between 1888 and 1892.</p><br>
<p>Seven buildings were built in 1869 and 1870, representing the major development of the complex. The primary focus of this expansion was the Main Mill, which is 165 ft long, and the Long Mill, which is 196 ft. The Main Mill was originally built with three stories and a mansard-roofed fourth, which was raised to a full fourth story c. 1900. The Long Mill was originally 2.5 stories, and was raised to a full three stories in 1880.</p><br>
<p>Further buildings were built after 1878, and the existing buildings were also added to or otherwise modified, primarily in the years before 1920. The last major addition was an extension on the north end of the Long Mill in 1916.</p><br>
<p>The Odd Fellows&#39; Home is a historic Odd Fellows charitable home at 104 Randolph Road in Worcester, Massachusetts. Opened in 1892, it continues to serve as a home for the aged and infirm, operated by Odd Fellows Home, Inc. Its original campus, now demolished, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. It is now housed in a modern facility, opened in 1990, with 100 beds, located on the same property.</p><br>
<h2>Location and building history</h2><br>
<p>The Odd Fellows&#39; Home is located in northeastern Worcester, a short way east of Interstate 190 and the Greendale Mall, at the corner of Barber and Randolph Streets. The land for the facility was donated in 1890 by Thomas Dodge, a prominent local patent lawyer, who eventually donated 24 acre in all, in order ensure "ample light and air" for the residents.</p><br>
<p>The original main building was a large three story brick building built in 1890-92 to a design by Barker & Nourse. The most prominent feature was a projecting 5-1/2 story mansard-roofed tower with round-topped clock dormers projecting from the half story mansard. The front bays were divided by brick pilasters, and a single-story porch extended across part of the front. To this buildings right (east) was the first major addition, added in 1902; it was a 2-1/2 story brick Classical Revival structure that increased the facilitys capacity to 110 beds. Its facade had limestone quoining, and it had a Classical Revival entry porch with Tuscan columns.</p><br>
<p>The old facility was sold in 2012 to a development firm, and was demolished in 2014 to provide added facilities to the adjacent Dodge Park Rest Home. Materials from the building were salvaged for use in other settings.</p><br>
<p>The S. E. Brackett House is a historic house at 63 Columbus Avenue in Somerville, Massachusetts. Built about 1880, it is one of the city&#39;s most elaborate examples of Second Empire architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The S.E. Brackett House stands in a residential part of Somerville&#39;s Prospect Hill neighborhood, west of Prospect Hill Park on the north side of Columbus Avenue. It is a 2-1/2 story wood-frame structure, with a mansard roof and clapboarded exterior. It is roughly square in shape, with a central projecting section on the front facade that rises a full three stories and is topped by a mansard-style fourth floor. The steep roof sections of the main roof and tower are finished in a combination of rectangular and fish-scale slate shingles, and are pierced by gabled window dormers with projecting bracketed eaves. On the first floor, the central section is flanked by projecting bay windows with decorative surrounds and modillioned cornices. The front facade is in a flush-boarded wood finished designed to simulate stone. The roof line below the mansard roof has an extended eave with single and paired brackets on the sides.</p><br>
<p>The house was constructed c. 1880, and is one of the most elaborate Second Empire houses in the city. It was built for S. E. Brackett, a local merchant, and was located at a desirable corner of a subdivision laid out in 1870 by Ira Hill.</p><br>
<p>The Grandview is a historic apartment hotel at 82 Munroe Street in Somerville, Massachusetts. This type of building was not uncommon in the city at the time of its 1896 construction. This building affords commanding views of the Boston area from its site near the top of Prospect Hill, and has well-preserved Colonial Revival styling. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Grandview is located near the summit of Prospect Hill, a hill overlooking the city of Boston that was of military importance during the American Revolutionary War. It stands immediately west of Prospect Hill Park, on the south side of Munroe Street. It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a truncated hip roof and clapboard siding. A central full-height gable-roofed pavilion projects from the center of the north-facing facade, with a two-story porch projecting further. The fully pedimented gable is decorated with modillions and dentil moulding, the latter of which is also found at the roof line. The porch is flanked by two-story projecting bays, and there are gable-roof dormers projecting from the roof on several sides. The rear of the building has full-width porches on all three levels. Most of the building&#39;s windows have been modernized, with three-pane sliding windows typical.</p><br>
<p>The Grandview was built in 1896 by Elbridge Park, a city alderman, and was one of 45 "apartment hotels" listed in the city directory in 1900. These types of transient apartment houses were built in the city near ready access to public transportation, and catered to commuters working in Boston. This particularly fine example has retained much of its Colonial Revival ornamentation.</p><br>
<p>The Highland is a historic multiunit residence at 66 Highland Avenue in Somerville, Massachusetts. The three story brick building was built in 1892 to a design by architect Samuel D. Kelley. It is one of the city&#39;s more elegant late 19th-century apartment houses, built during its rapid expansion in the late 19th century. The building listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Highland is set on the south side of Highland Avenue on Central Hill, directly opposite the city&#39;s high school. It is a three story brick building, Richardsonian Romanesque in style, with brownstone trim, and a conical roof on its corner turret. Brownstone beltcourses, varying in thickness, separate the basement, first, and second floors, and also separate the top of the third floor from the cornice, which has a band of dentil brickwork below the modillioned roof line. The main facade is six bays wide, divided into two similar sections having a rounded bay at the right. The main entrance is set in the third bay from the right beneath a large round brownstone arch.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed by Samuel D. Kelley, a noted local designer of apartment buildings, and built in 1892, during the citys rapid expansion as a streetcar and railroad suburb. It was marketed as an exclusive and elegant accommodation within walking distance of a train station with frequent service into Boston. It is one of the citys finest residential Romanesque designs.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Cook House is a historic house at 21 College Hill Road in Somerville, Massachusetts. Built c. 1850, it is the only surviving Greek Revival farmhouse on the west side of the city, and a reminder of the area&#39;s agrarian past. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Thomas Cook House stands in the dense residential area of northwestern Somerville. It stands on the north side of a bend in College Hill Road, a short side street between North Street and Conwell Avenue. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. The building corners have pilasters, which rise to a full entablature and fully pedimented gable ends. The main entrance is at the center of a side-facing three-bay facade, with a gabled pediment above. That pediment, and a finish strip between the first and second floors, are both later stylistic modifications to the house.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1850 by Thomas Cook, a local farmer. This area of West Somerville was principally used for market gardens, and did not see development pressure until well after Tufts University was established on land to the east in 1852. Beginning in the 1880s the area was subdivided for residential development. This house, originally facing North Street to the west, was moved to its present location, and the surrounding land was eventually built over with two and three-family houses.</p><br>
<p>The US Post Office—Somerville Main is a historic post office at 237 Washington Street in Union Square, Somerville, Massachusetts. The 2.5 story building was constructed in 1935-36 as part of a Public Works Administration initiative during the Great Depression. The building has a steel frame, and is clad in brick laid in Flemish bond, with limestone trim elements, and topped by a truncated hip roof. It is five bays wide, with a slightly projecting central section that is topped by a gable. The main entry, slightly recessed in this section, consists of a pair of modern glass-and-aluminum doors topped by an extended round-arch fanlight window. There is a small oriel window in the gable section.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the main floor consists of the public lobby area, which includes an enclosed vestibule area at the main entrance, with small offices on either side, and a work area to the rear. The vestibule is set one-half floor below the main lobby area, with stairs rising from the main entrance to the left and right, and is framed in stained wood that matches other woodwork in the lobby area. The floors of the lobby and vestibule are finished in multiple colors of marble, as is the wainscoting on the walls.</p><br>
<p>The upper portion of the east lobby wall contains a mural entitled A Skirmish between British and Colonists near Somerville in Revolutionary Times, painted by Ross Moffett in 1937 and commissioned by the Treasury Department&#39;s Section of Fine Arts. The mural depicts skirmishing that took place in the Union Square area in the later phases of the 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord that began the American Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. As of 2017 the Post Office sold the building and it&#39;s now the global headquarters of RightHand Robotics, a robotic each-picking startup.</p><br>
<p>The Walter S. and Melissa E. Barnes House is a historic house at 140 Highland Avenue in Somerville, Massachusetts. Built about 1890, it is one of the city&#39;s least-altered examples of Queen/Stick style Victorian architecture. It was for many years home to Robert Luce, a one-term Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Barnes House stands in central Somerville, on the south side of Highland Avenue (a major east-west route through the city) between Central Street and Trull Lane. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a hip roof and clapboarded exterior. The roof faces each have dormers, the one in front extended in width to a triangular shaped, and nearly filled by a half-round window. The main roof eaves are bracketed, and there are Stick-style braces on the square posts supporting the front porch. The porch has a shed roof, and wraps around to the right side to a projecting section.</p><br>
<p>The house was built sometime between about 1885 and 1895, and is one of a few virtually unchanged Queen Anne/Stick style Victorians in the city. It was built for Walter S. Barnes, who worked in the box-making business in Boston. It was home for many years to the family of Robert Luce (1862-1945), a prominent local politician. Luce, a Republican, served many years in the United States Congress representing Somerville, and served a single term (1912-13) as Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The Z. E. Cliff House is a historic house located at 29 Powderhouse Terrace in Somerville, Massachusetts. Built about 1900 by a prominent local developer for his own use, it is one of the city&#39;s finest examples of residential Shingle style architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Z.E. Cliff House stands on the south side of Powderhouse Terrace, facing Nathan Tufts Park to the north, in Somervilles Powder House Square neighborhood. It is a large 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a broad cross-gabled gambrel roof. The roofs side gables are conventional gables, their facades flush to the main wall, with a Palladian style three-part window near the center and a half-round window near the gable peak. The front-facing gambrel has a projecting attic level with a recessed pair of diamond-pane sash windows. The second floor has a projecting polygonal window bay on the left side and a Palladian arrangement on the right. Below the left bay on the first floor is the main entrance, sheltered by a porch that extends around to the left side. The porch is supported by grouped columns set on shingled posts with simple low balustrades between then. To the right of the entrance is a polygonal section with simple sash windows.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1900 by Zebedee Cliff, a prominent local real estate developer and politician. Powderhouse Terrace was one of his highest-quality subdivisions.</p><br>
<p>The Woburn Street Historic District of Reading, Massachusetts encompasses a two-block section of late 19th century upper-class housing. The 10 acre extends along Woburn Street from Summer Street to Temple Street, and includes sixteen houses on well-proportioned lots along an attractive tree-lined section of the street. The historic district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Woburn Street is one of the oldest streets in Reading, with portions appearing on a map in 1765. The area remained rural until the late 19th century, when railroad-influenced suburban development resulted in the extension and development of the road. Four houses were built prior to this time: the c. 1795 house at 201 Woburn Street, a predominantly Federal-style house that was later modified with a Colonial Revival portico, is the oldest house in the district. Other houses from earlier in the 19th century are two Greek Revival and one Italianate style house, which was moved c. 1908 to the area to serve as the rectory for the Saint Agnes Church.</p><br>
<p>A number of prominent individuals lived in the district. 206 Woburn Street, a Shingle style building, was the home of architect Horace G. Wadlin. Railroad owner Edward Appleton lived at 201 Woburn Street, as did shoemaker Daniel Pratt and architect Willard P. Adden. The house at 216 Woburn Street was owned by local hardware store owner Richard W. Francis. A founder and director of the First National Bank in Reading lived at 177 Woburn Street.</p><br>
<p>Most of the houses in the district are either Colonial Revival or Queen Anne in styling; even one of the early Greek Revival houses was refashioned in Queen Anne style. Houses at 183 Woburn Street and 228 Woburn Street are good examples of Colonial Revival style. There is one Craftsman-style house, at 207 Woburn Street.</p><br>
<p>The Alden Batchelder House is a historic house at 797 Main Street in Reading, Massachusetts. Built in the early 1850s, it is an excellent example of an early Italianate design. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Alden Batchelder House stands north of downtown Reading, on a triangular parcel of land at the junction of Main Street (Massachusetts Route 28) and Charles Street, across Main Street from the Laurel Hill Cemetery. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a side-gable roof and clapboarded exterior. It is oriented facing south, and is screened from the streets on either side by trees; a stone retaining wall lines the properties eastern and western sides. The roof has relatively deep eaves, studded with a few single decorative brackets. At the center of the main facade there is a gable at the roof line, which is echoed in the roof of the single-story porch, which wraps around the side of the house. The porch features turned balusters and posts. The first-floor windows are elongated, with deep moldings.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1849 by Alden Batchelder, and represents an early form of the Italianate style. The house has a basically Georgian or Federal form, but its decorative elements are clearly Italianate. Alden Batchelder was a local cabinetmaker, a common trade in the town at the time. His business was successful, employing 25 workers in 1864. It was destroyed by fire in 1876, after which he moved the business to Charlestown, where he employed prisoners from the Charlestown State Prison.</p><br>
<p>The Batchelder House is a historic house at 607 Pearl Street in Reading, Massachusetts. Built about 1783, it is a good local example of Federal period architecture. It is also significant for its association with the locally prominent Batchelder family, and as an early shoemaking site. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Batchelder House stands in a residential area of northern Reading, at the southeast corner of Pearl and Franklin Streets. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. It has a large central chimney and a symmetrical five-bay front facade, which is oriented facing south. At the center of the facade is the main entrance, which has a Greek Revival surround of sidelight windows and pilasters supporting an entablature and peaked cornice. A smaller two-story ell projects to the right side at a recess.</p><br>
<p>The property on which the house stands was long under ownership of the locally prominent Batchelder family, whose homestead was known to be standing here about 1703. The property passed to Nathaniel Batchelder about 1783, and he is said to have built the present house on the location of the old homestead. Batchelder was a farmer and shoemaker, and his descendants continued to own the property and be involved in those trades through the 19th century. The house is architecturally most notable for its transitional Federal-Greek Revival door surround.</p><br>
<p>The Battell House is a historic house located at 293 Haverhill Street in Reading, Massachusetts. Built about 1806, it is a fine local example of transitional Georgian-Federal architecture. It is notable as the home of Charles Battell, a veteran of the American Civil War. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Battell House is located in eastern Reading, on the east side of Haverhill Street a short way north of its junction with Wakefield Street. Haverhill Street is a historically old road, once the main road between Salem and Haverhill, and is now a local secondary road. The house is oriented facing south, presenting a gabled side facade to the street. It is 2-1/2 stories in height, with a gabled roof, two interior chimneys, clapboarded exterior, and stone foundation. The main facade is five bays wide, with a center entry framed by sidelight windows and pilasters, and topped by a reproduction entablature. The upper floor windows butt against the eaves, and the gable ends lack returns, both conservative Georgian features.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1806, in an area traditionally called "Pratt Row" for the large number of that family who settled the area. This house was built on land originally belonging to the Symonds family, which came into the Battell family by marriage. Its best-known occupant was Charles P. Battell, an American Civil War veteran who lost a leg during the Siege of Petersburg.</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin Beard House is a historic house at 251 Ash Street in Reading, Massachusetts. Built in the early 1850s, it is a well-preserved example of a distinctive local variant of Greek Revival architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Benjamin Beard House stands south of downtown Reading, at the southwest corner of Ash Street and Avon Street. Ash Street is a feeder road providing access to southeastern Reading from the center, and Avon Street is a short connector between it and Main Street (Massachusetts Route 28). The house is a 1-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a side gable roof, single off-center interior chimney, and clapboarded exterior. It is laid out in what was a fairly common local variant, with the long spine of the house parallel to the street, and set on a slightly raised mound. There are pilasters on the corners, and the front entry has a somewhat tall Federal style high entablature, with sidelight windows and plain side molding supporting a corniced entablature. A single-story ell extends to the rear of the main block.</p><br>
<p>The house was probably built in the early 1850s. Benjamin Beard, its first owner, was the towns first jeweler, opening a store in 1847 after having previously worked for a local clock- and watchmaker. Beards son William also continued the profession.</p><br>
<p>The Bowser Gazebo is a historic gazebo at 25 Linden Street in Reading, Massachusetts. It is an open octagonal wooden structure, measuring about 10 x. It has a low cross-hatched balustrade, above which piers rise to support the octagonal bell-cast roof. The piers are paneled, with circular holes in the paneling. Above the piers is a large area of diagonal cross-hatching, with small rounded arches at the non-entry openings and larger round-arch openings at the entrances.</p><br>
<p>The gazebo was designed by architect Horace G. Wadlin and built sometime before 1894. It is one of the only known surviving 19th century gazebos in Reading. It (and the house on the property) belonged to R. L. Bowser, owner of a local dry goods store.</p><br>
<p>The gazebo was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Brackett House is a historic house at 276 Summer Avenue in Reading, Massachusetts. Built during a local residential construction boom in 1920, it is Reading&#39;s best example of Bungalow style architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Brackett House stands in a large residential area southwest of downtown Reading, at the northeast corner of Summer Street and Nichols Lane. Summer Street is one of the areas through roads, and Nichols Lane is a short dead-end street with later infill construction. The house is a 1-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a broad shallow-pitch gable roof and wide clapboard siding. The front face of the roof has a wide shed-roof dormer at its center. The houses most prominent feature is its porch, which wraps across the front and around the right side. It is supported by heavy stucco columns in front, with exposed rafter ends showing in the ceiling. On the right side of the house, the porch is open, with a pergola-like environment, with an enclosed section further back. The front facade is three bays wide, with full-length narrow French doors in the outer bays.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1920, during a period of rapid growth of housing in the town. It was built as infill on farmland that had first seen residential subdivision late in the 19th century. It is the town&#39;s best example of Bungalow architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Brande House is a historic house at 54 Woburn Street in Reading, Massachusetts. Built in 1895, the house is a distinctive local example of a Queen Anne Victorian with Shingle and Stick style features. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Brande House stands just west of downtown Reading, at the southwest corner of Summer and Linden Street. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and exterior clad in wooden shingles and clapboards. Gabled sections project from either side, with a large porch in the corner created by the section on the right, where the main entrance is located, and a smaller porch on the corner on the left, facing Linden Street. The right-hand porch is covered by a hip roof, supported by round columns, and has a simple balustrade with square balusters. The front facade is two bays wide, with a brick chimney rising at the center, flanked by two-story polygonal bays. The gable above has a recessed porch and applied Stick style woodwork. The left side gable section has three round windows in the gable, and the porch has a Stick style balustrade.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1895 by Dr. Mahlon Brande, a local dentist who also invested in real estate. Its first documented resident, Fred Sperry, was a merchant selling furniture and rugs at a shop in Boston.</p><br>
<p>The Capt. Nathaniel Parker Red House is a historic house at 77-83 Ash Street in Reading, Massachusetts. It is a -story vernacular Georgian house, five bays wide, with entrances on its north and south facades. The southern entry is slightly more elegant, with flanking pilasters and a transom window. The house was built sometime before 1765, and was already a well-known landmark because it was  painted, and served as a tavern on the coach road. The house remained in the hands of militia captain Nathaniel Parker and his descendants into the late 19th century. The construction of the Andover Turnpike  in 1806-07, bypassing its location, prompted a decline in the tavern&#39;s business.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
